Aviamilano Arlecchino/Aviamilano CPV1

Aviamilano Arlecchino/Aviamilano CPV1: Aviomilano CPV1 , oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Arlecchino , wuxuu ahaa doon shiraac leh oo Talyaani ah oo la dhisay horraantii 1960 -meeyadii. Mid kaliya ayaa la dhisay.
Aviamilano CPV1/Aviamilano CPV1: Aviomilano CPV1 , oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Arlecchino , wuxuu ahaa doon shiraac leh oo Talyaani ah oo la dhisay horraantii 1960 -meeyadii. Mid kaliya ayaa la dhisay.
Aviamilano CPV1_Arlecchino/Aviamilano CPV1: Aviomilano CPV1 , oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Arlecchino , wuxuu ahaa doon shiraac leh oo Talyaani ah oo la dhisay horraantii 1960 -meeyadii. Mid kaliya ayaa la dhisay.
Aviamilano Construzioni_Aeronautitche/Aviamilano: Aviamilano Costruzione Aeronautiche wuxuu ahaa soo saare diyaaradeed oo Talyaani ah oo laga aasaasay Milan horraantii 1950 -meeyadii. Waxay ahayd soo -saaraha asalka ah ee dayuuradda fudud ee Falco ee Stelio Frati, in kasta oo markii wax -soo -saarku uusan u socon si habsami leh sida Frati jeclaa, haddana wuxuu naqshadda u qaaday Aeromere. Alaabta aasaasiga ah ee Aviamilano waxay ahayd tababaraha Scricciolo oo loo dhisay Aero Club d'Italia laga soo bilaabo 1959kii. Alaabtii ugu dambaysay ee shirkaddu waxay ahayd naqshad kale oo Frati ah, F.250, xuquuqdaas oo laga iibiyey SIAI-Marchetti sannadkii 1964. Shirkaddu waxay xidhnayd 1968 ka dib dhimashadii Agaasimihii Maamulkeeda iyo xuquuqdii dhawrkii diyaaradood ee shiraaca ahaa ee markaa wax-soo-saarka la iibsaday Waxaa qoray Caproni Vizzola.
Aviamilano F.14_Nibbio/Aviamilano Nibbio: The Aviamilano F.14 Nibbio waa afar kursi, monoplane cabin matoor keli ah oo laga dhisay Talyaaniga dabayaaqadii 1950meeyadii. Kaliya toban diyaaradood oo wax -soo -saar ayaa la dhammaystiray.
Aviamilano F.250/SIAI-Marchetti SF.260: SIAI-Marchetti SF.260 waa diyaarad khafiif ah oo Talyaani ah oo inta badan suuq ahaan loo suuq geeyo tababaraha milatariga iyo diyaaradaha aerobatics-ka.
Aviamilano F.260/SIAI-Marchetti SF.260: SIAI-Marchetti SF.260 waa diyaarad khafiif ah oo Talyaani ah oo inta badan suuq ahaan loo suuq geeyo tababaraha milatariga iyo diyaaradaha aerobatics-ka.
Aviamilano F.8L_Falco_I/Sequoia Falco: Sequoia Falco waa diyaarad aerobatic ah oo loogu tala galay 2-kursi oo Talyaani ah.
Aviamilano F.8L_Falco_II/Sequoia Falco: Sequoia Falco waa diyaarad aerobatic ah oo loogu tala galay 2-kursi oo Talyaani ah.
Aviamilano F.8L_Series_II_Falco/Sequoia Falco: Sequoia Falco waa diyaarad aerobatic ah oo loogu tala galay 2-kursi oo Talyaani ah.
Aviamilano F.8L_Series_I_Falco/Sequoia Falco: Sequoia Falco waa diyaarad aerobatic ah oo loogu tala galay 2-kursi oo Talyaani ah.
Aviamilano Falco/Sequoia Falco: Sequoia Falco waa diyaarad aerobatic ah oo loogu tala galay 2-kursi oo Talyaani ah.
Aviamilano Nibbio/Aviamilano Nibbio: The Aviamilano F.14 Nibbio waa afar kursi, monoplane cabin matoor keli ah oo laga dhisay Talyaaniga dabayaaqadii 1950meeyadii. Kaliya toban diyaaradood oo wax -soo -saar ayaa la dhammaystiray.
Aviamilano P.19_Scricciolo/Aviamilano Scricciolo: Aviamilano P.19 Scricciolo wuxuu ahaa diyaarad tabobare rayid ah oo fudud oo laga dhisay Talyaaniga 1960 -yadii.
Aviamilano Scricciolo/Aviamilano Scricciolo: Aviamilano P.19 Scricciolo wuxuu ahaa diyaarad tabobare rayid ah oo fudud oo laga dhisay Talyaaniga 1960 -yadii.
Aviamilano Super_Falco/Sequoia Falco: Sequoia Falco waa diyaarad aerobatic ah oo loogu tala galay 2-kursi oo Talyaani ah.
Aviamotornaya/Aviamotornaya: Aviamotornaya waxaa laga yaabaa inay tixraacdo: Aviamotornaya Aviamotornaya
Aviamotornaya (Bolshaya_Koltsevaya_line)/Aviamotornaya (Bolshaya Koltsevaya line): Aviamotornaya waa saldhig ku yaal Bolshaya Koltsevaya line of Moscow Metro. Saldhigga waxaa la furay 27 -ka Maarso 2020 oo qayb ka ah fidinta khadka Nekrasovskaya.
Aviamotornaya (Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya_Line)/Aviamotornaya (Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya line): Aviamotornaya waa saldhigga Metro-ga Moscow ee Degmada Lefortovo, Koonfur-Bari Maamulka Okrug, Moscow, Russia. Waxay ku taallaa Kalininsko -Solntsevskaya. Idaacadda waxaa la furay 30kii Disembar 1979kii.
Aviamotornaya (Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya_line)/Aviamotornaya (Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya line): Aviamotornaya waa saldhigga Metro-ga Moscow ee Degmada Lefortovo, Koonfur-Bari Maamulka Okrug, Moscow, Russia. Waxay ku taallaa Kalininsko -Solntsevskaya. Idaacadda waxaa la furay 30kii Disembar 1979kii.
Aviamotornaya (Kalininsko%E2%80%93Solntsevskaya_line)/Aviamotornaya (Kalininsko -Solntsevskaya line): Aviamotornaya waa saldhigga Metro-ga Moscow ee Degmada Lefortovo, Koonfur-Bari Maamulka Okrug, Moscow, Russia. Waxay ku taallaa Kalininsko -Solntsevskaya. Idaacadda waxaa la furay 30kii Disembar 1979kii.
Aviamotornaya (Moscow_Metro)/Aviamotornaya: Aviamotornaya waxaa laga yaabaa inay tixraacdo: Aviamotornaya Aviamotornaya
Aviamotornaya (Nekrasovskaya_line)/Aviamotornaya (khadka Bolshaya Koltsevaya): Aviamotornaya waa saldhig ku yaal Bolshaya Koltsevaya line of Moscow Metro. Saldhigga waxaa la furay 27 -ka Maarso 2020 oo qayb ka ah fidinta khadka Nekrasovskaya.
Aviamotornaya (fadeexad)/Aviamotornaya: Aviamotornaya waxaa laga yaabaa inay tixraacdo: Aviamotornaya Aviamotornaya
Aviamotornaya Escalator_accident_in_1982/Aviamotornaya (Kalininsko – Solntsevskaya line): Aviamotornaya waa saldhigga Metro-ga Moscow ee Degmada Lefortovo, Koonfur-Bari Maamulka Okrug, Moscow, Russia. Waxay ku taallaa Kalininsko -Solntsevskaya. Idaacadda waxaa la furay 30kii Disembar 1979kii.
Avian/Avian: Avian waxaa laga yaabaa inuu tixraaco: Shimbir, sifo ahaan Avian (band), koox birta Mareykanka ah Avian, Iran, tuulo ku taal Gobolka Razavi Khorasan, Iran Avian Island, jasiirad ku taal Antarctica Avro Avian, oo ah taxane diyaarado fudud oo Ingiriis ah oo uu naqshadeeyay oo dhisay Avro sannadihii 1920 -meeyadii iyo 1930 -yadii Avian Limited, oo ah soo saare glider glider ah Avian, ama af Ruush, Авиа́н, magaca koowaad ee ragga Ruushka Avian, magaca Friulian ee Aviano, magaalo ku taal Talyaaniga
Avian, Iran/Avian, Iiraan: Avian waa tuulo ku taal Degmadda Miyiga ee Bala Velayat, Degmada Bala Velayat, Gobolka Bakharz, Gobolka Razavi Khorasan, Iran. Tirakoobkii 2006, dadkeedu wuxuu ahaa 782, 176 qoys.
Avian, Italy/Aviano: Aviano waa magaalo iyo majaajilo ku taal gobolka Pordenone oo ku taal cidhifka buurta Dolomites ee Friuli-Venezia Giulia, waqooyiga Talyaaniga.
Avian (koox)/Avian (koox): Avian waa koox bir ah oo culus oo Mareykan ah oo la aasaasay 2002 waxaana sameeyay guitarist Yan Leviathan. Muusig ahaan, waxaa saameeya kooxo sida Iron Maiden, HammerFall, Savatage, iyo Megadeth.
Avian (fadeexad)/Avian: Avian waxaa laga yaabaa inuu tixraaco: Shimbir, sifo ahaan Avian (band), koox birta Mareykanka ah Avian, Iran, tuulo ku taal Gobolka Razavi Khorasan, Iran Avian Island, jasiirad ku taal Antarctica Avro Avian, oo ah taxane diyaarado fudud oo Ingiriis ah oo uu naqshadeeyay oo dhisay Avro sannadihii 1920 -meeyadii iyo 1930 -yadii Avian Limited, oo ah soo saare glider glider ah Avian, ama af Ruush, Авиа́н, magaca koowaad ee ragga Ruushka Avian, magaca Friulian ee Aviano, magaalo ku taal Talyaaniga
Avian (magaca loo bixiyay)/Avian (magaca la bixiyay): Avian waa magaca koowaad ee ragga Ruushka ah. Waxaa lagu daray noocyo kala duwan, oo inta badan gacanta lagu qoray, jadwalada kaniisadaha intii lagu jiray qarniyadii 17aad - 19aad, laakiin waxaa laga saaray Synodal Menologium dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad.
Avian Aircraft_Ltd./Avian Limited: Avian Limited waa soo saare diyaaradeed oo Ingiriis ah oo soo saarta khadad madadaalo iyo tartan sudhan. Shirkaddu waxay kaloo suuqgeysaa alaabada duulimaadyada madadaalada ah ee shirkado kale, oo ay ku jiraan baalal adag oo ka laalaada AIR Atos.
Avian Bone_Syndrome/Burbur Shirkadeed: " Burburka Shirkadeed " waa dhacdadii sagaal iyo tobnaad ee xilli -ciyaareedkii ugu horreeyay ee taxanaha telefishanka Mareykanka 30 Rock . Waxaa qoray soo-saare wada-shaqeeye John Riggi oo uu hagayo Don Scardino. Dhacdadan ayaa markii hore laga sii daayey NBC -da Mareykanka bishii Abriil 12, 2007. Xiddigaha martida ee qaybtan waxaa ka mid ah Kevin Brown, Grizz Chapman, John Lutz, Emily Mortimer, Maulik Pancholy, Jason Sudeikis, iyo Rip Torn.
Avian Bornavirus/Avian bornavirus: Sannadkii 2008, iyada oo pyrosequencing cDNA laga soo qaaday maskaxda dhowr baqbaqaaq oo la il daran cudurka fallaadha quudinta (PDD), Honkavuori et al. aqoonsaday jiritaanka bornavirus cusub.
Avian Cheetah/Avian Cheetah: Avian Cheetah waa garab-sare oo Ingiriis ah, hal-meel ah, oo ka laalaada glider glider, oo ay naqshadeeyeen Steve Elkins iyo Neil Hammerton waxaana soo saaray Avian Limited ee Hope Valley, Derbyshire.
Avian Conserv._Ecol./Bulshada Canadian Ornithologists: The Society of Canadian Ornithologists , ama Société des Ornithologistes du Canada , waa urur aan macaash doon ahayn oo u adeega bulshada ornithological Canada. Waxaa la aasaasay 1983, waxayna xubin ka tahay Golaha Ornithological.
Avian Conserv_Ecol/Bulshada Dhakhaatiirta Ornithologists ee Kanada: The Society of Canadian Ornithologists , ama Société des Ornithologistes du Canada , waa urur aan macaash doon ahayn oo u adeega bulshada ornithological Canada. Waxaa la aasaasay 1983, waxayna xubin ka tahay Golaha Ornithological.
Ilaalinta Avian_%26_Ecology/Society of Canadian Ornithologists: The Society of Canadian Ornithologists , ama Société des Ornithologistes du Canada , waa urur aan macaash doon ahayn oo u adeega bulshada ornithological Canada. Waxaa la aasaasay 1983, waxayna xubin ka tahay Golaha Ornithological.
Ilaalinta Avian_and_Ecology/Bulshada Dhakhaatiirta Ornithologists ee Kanada: The Society of Canadian Ornithologists , ama Société des Ornithologistes du Canada , waa urur aan macaash doon ahayn oo u adeega bulshada ornithological Canada. Waxaa la aasaasay 1983, waxayna xubin ka tahay Golaha Ornithological.
Cudurrada Avian Dis/Avian: Cudurada Avian waa joornaal cilmiyaysan oo saddex-biloodle ah oo dib-u-eegay cilmi-baaris ku saabsan cudurrada shimbiraha. Waxaa la aasaasay 1957 waxaana daabacay Ururka Mareykanka ee Cilmi -baarayaasha Avian . Tafatiraha guud waa YM Saif. Marka loo eego Warbixinnada Xigashada Joornaalka , joornaalku wuxuu leeyahay saamaynta saamaynta ee 2012 ee 1.734.
Avian Dis./ Cudurada Avian: Cudurada Avian waa joornaal cilmiyaysan oo saddex-biloodle ah oo dib-u-eegay cilmi-baaris ku saabsan cudurrada shimbiraha. Waxaa la aasaasay 1957 waxaana daabacay Ururka Mareykanka ee Cilmi -baarayaasha Avian . Tafatiraha guud waa YM Saif. Marka loo eego Warbixinnada Xigashada Joornaalka , joornaalku wuxuu leeyahay saamaynta saamaynta ee 2012 ee 1.734.
Cudurada Avian/Cudurada Avian: Cudurada Avian waa joornaal cilmiyaysan oo saddex-biloodle ah oo dib-u-eegay cilmi-baaris ku saabsan cudurrada shimbiraha. Waxaa la aasaasay 1957 waxaana daabacay Ururka Mareykanka ee Cilmi -baarayaasha Avian . Tafatiraha guud waa YM Saif. Marka loo eego Warbixinnada Xigashada Joornaalka , joornaalku wuxuu leeyahay saamaynta saamaynta ee 2012 ee 1.734.
Hargabka Avian/hargabka Avian: Hargabka Avian , oo si aan rasmi ahayn loogu yaqaan ifilada avian ama ifilada shimbiraha , waa hargab kala duwan oo ay sababaan fayrasyo ​​ku habboon shimbiraha. Nooca ugu halista badan waa hargabka avian ( HPAI ). Ifilada shimbiruhu waxay la mid tahay ifilada doofaarka, ifilada eeyga, ifilada faraska iyo ifilada dadka oo ah cudur ay sababeen nuucyada fayraska hargabka oo la qabsaday marti -qaade gaar ah. Saddexda nooc ee fayraska infalawansada, fayraska infalawansada A waa caabuq zoonotic leh kayd dabiici ah oo gebi ahaanba ku jira shimbiraha. Hargabka Avian, ujeeddooyinka badankood, waxaa loola jeedaa fayraska hargabka A.
Avian Grays/Balance (albumka Armin van Buuren): Balance waa albumka istuudiyaha toddobaad ee Dutch DJ iyo soo saaraha duubista Armin van Buuren. Waxaa la siidaayay 25 Oktoobar 2019 iyada oo loo sii mariyay Armada Music, isagoo ku guulaystay albumkiisii ​​2015 Embrace . Waxaa sidoo kale loo sii daayay sidii laba album oo qayb kasta ka kooban tahay 14 waddo. Waxay muujineysaa iskaashi lala yeesho Above & Beyond, BT, Lucas & Steve, Garibay, Inner City, Shapov, Rudimental, Tempo Giusto, Ne-Yo iyo Haliene.
Avian Gyroplane/Avian Gyroplane: Avian 2/180 Gyroplane wuxuu ahaa laba kursi, autogyro oo hal matoor ah oo laga dhisay Canada 1960kii. Dhawr tusaalood ayaa la dhisay laakiin wax -soo -saarkii lama gaadhin.
Avian HBV_RNA_encapsidation_signal_epsilon/Avian HBV RNA astaanta asturinta astaanta epsilon: Avian HBV RNA encapsidation signal epsilon waa qaab -dhismeedka RNA oo la muujiyey inuu fududeeyo soo -dhaweynta RNA -da hore ee looga baahan yahay ku -dhufashada fayraska. Waxaa jira laba dabaqadood oo waaweyn oo ka mid ah astaamaha xajinta ee fayrasyada cagaarshowga B ee avian - fayraska cagaarshowga B ee duck (DHBV) iyo Heron hepatitis B virus (HHBV) sida. DHBV waxaa loo isticmaalaa tusaale ahaan si loo fahmo fayraska Cagaarshowga B ee dadka . In kasta oo daraasaduhu ay muujiyeen in HHBV epsilon uu ku yar yahay isugeynta geedka sare marka loo eego DHBV, isku -darkaan gabi ahaanba looma baahna caabuqa DHBV ee shinbiraha.
Avian IQ/sirdoonka shimbirta: Dhibaatada ay leedahay in la qeexo ama la qiyaaso garaadka xayawaanka aan bani-aadamka ahayn ayaa mawduuca ku adkaata in si cilmiyeysan loo barro shimbiraha. Guud ahaan, shimbiruhu waxay leeyihiin maskax aad u weyn marka loo eego baaxadda madaxa. Dareenka aragga iyo maqalka ayaa si fiican u horumarsan noocyada badankood, in kasta oo dareenka taabashada iyo urta si fiican loo garto kaliya dhowr kooxood. Shimbiraha ayaa isgaadhsiiya iyagoo adeegsanaya calaamado muuqaal ah iyo sidoo kale adeegsiga wicitaanada iyo heesaha. Tijaabinta sirdoonka shimbiraha ayaa had iyo jeer ku saleysan barashada jawaabaha kicinta dareenka.
Hargabka Avian/Hargabka Avian: Hargabka Avian , oo si aan rasmi ahayn loogu yaqaan ifilada avian ama ifilada shimbiraha , waa hargab kala duwan oo ay sababaan fayrasyo ​​ku habboon shimbiraha. Nooca ugu halista badan waa hargabka avian ( HPAI ). Ifilada shimbiruhu waxay la mid tahay ifilada doofaarka, ifilada eeyga, ifilada faraska iyo ifilada dadka oo ah cudur ay sababeen nuucyada fayraska hargabka oo la qabsaday marti -qaade gaar ah. Saddexda nooc ee fayraska infalawansada, fayraska infalawansada A waa caabuq zoonotic leh kayd dabiici ah oo gebi ahaanba ku jira shimbiraha. Hargabka Avian, ujeeddooyinka badankood, waxaa loola jeedaa fayraska hargabka A.
Hargabka Avian _-_ Bird_Flu/Hargabka Avian: Hargabka Avian , oo si aan rasmi ahayn loogu yaqaan ifilada avian ama ifilada shimbiraha , waa hargab kala duwan oo ay sababaan fayrasyo ​​ku habboon shimbiraha. Nooca ugu halista badan waa hargabka avian ( HPAI ). Ifilada shimbiruhu waxay la mid tahay ifilada doofaarka, ifilada eeyga, ifilada faraska iyo ifilada dadka oo ah cudur ay sababeen nuucyada fayraska hargabka oo la qabsaday marti -qaade gaar ah. Saddexda nooc ee fayraska infalawansada, fayraska infalawansada A waa caabuq zoonotic leh kayd dabiici ah oo gebi ahaanba ku jira shimbiraha. Hargabka Avian, ujeeddooyinka badankood, waxaa loola jeedaa fayraska hargabka A.
Jasiiradda Avian/Jasiiradda Avian: Jasiiradda Avian waa jasiirad, dhererkeedu yahay 1.2 km (0.7 mi) iyo 40 mitir (130 ft), oo jiifa meel u dhow cidhifka koonfureed ee Jasiiradda Adelaide, Antarctica. Waxaa helay Safarkii Faransiiska ee Antarctic, 1908–10, oo uu hoostagay Jean-Baptiste Charcot, waxaana booqday 1948 Sahanka Ku-tiirsanaanta Jasiiradaha Falkland, oo sidaas u magacaabay sababta oo ah tirada badan iyo noocyada kala duwan ee shimbiraha (avians) halkaas laga helay.
Avian Java/Avian Java: Avian Java waa garab-sare oo Ingiriis ah, hal meel ah, oo leh hillaac isboorti oo horumarsan, oo ay naqshadeeyeen Steve Elkins iyo Neil Hammerton waxaana soo saaray Avian Limited oo ka tirsan Hope Valley, Derbyshire.
Avian Knowledge_Network/Cornell Lab of Ornithology: Shaybaarka Cornell ee Ornithology waa unug ay taageerto Jaamacadda Cornell University ee Ithaca, New York, oo baratay shimbiraha iyo duurjoogta kale. Waxay ku taallaa Xarunta Imogene Powers Johnson ee Shimbiraha iyo Kala -duwanaanta Noolaha ee Sapsucker Woods Sanctuary. Qiyaastii 250 saynisyahano, macalimiin, shaqaale, iyo ardaydu waxay ka shaqeeyaan barnaamijyo kala duwan oo loogu talagalay hawlgalka Shaybaarka: fasiraadda iyo dhawrista kala duwanaanshaha noolaha ee dhulka iyada oo loo marayo cilmi -baaris, waxbarasho, iyo sayniska muwaadinka oo diiradda lagu saaray shimbiraha. Shaqada Shaybaarka waxaa taageera ugu horrayn 75,000 xubnood. Cornell Lab wuxuu daabacayaa buugaag ka hooseeya Kooxda Daabacaadda Labell Cornell, daabacaad saddex -biloodle ah, majaladda Living Bird , iyo warsidaha elektiroonigga ah ee billaha ah. Waxay maamushaa mashaariic badan oo sayniska muwaadiniinta ah iyo mareegaha, oo ay ku jiraan Abaalmarinta Webby oo ku guuleysatay All About Birds .
Avian Learning_Experiment/Alex (baqbaqaaq): Alex wuxuu ahaa baqbaqaaq cawlan iyo mawduuca soddon sano oo tijaabo ah oo ay samaysay cilmi-nafsiga xoolaha Irene Pepperberg, markii hore Jaamacadda Arizona markii dambena Jaamacadda Harvard iyo Jaamacadda Brandeis. Markuu Alex jiray qiyaastii hal sano, Pepperberg wuxuu ka iibsaday dukaan xayawaanka lagu iibiyo. Magaca Alex wuxuu ahaa soo gaabin loogu talagalay tijaabinta luqadda avian , ama tijaabada barashada avian . Waxaa la barbardhigay Albert Einstein oo isagoo laba sano jir ah ayaa si sax ah uga jawaabayay su'aalaha loo sameeyay lix jirka.
Avian Limited/Avian Limited: Avian Limited waa soo saare diyaaradeed oo Ingiriis ah oo soo saarta khadad madadaalo iyo tartan sudhan. Shirkaddu waxay kaloo suuqgeysaa alaabada duulimaadyada madadaalada ah ee shirkado kale, oo ay ku jiraan baalal adag oo ka laalaada AIR Atos.
Avian Moore/Ava Moore: Ava Moore waa dabeecad khayaali ah taxanaha telefishanka FX Networks Nip/Tuck . Waxaa ciyaaray Famke Janssen, dabeecadda ayaa la soo bandhigay intii lagu jiray xilli ciyaareedkii labaad ee bandhigga.
Avian Paleontology/Paleornithology: Paleornithology , oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan paleontology avian , waa daraasadda sayniska ee horumarinta shimbiraha iyo shimbiraha fossil. Waa isku -darka ornithology iyo paleontology. Paleornithology waxay ku bilaabatay daahfurka Archeopteryx . Xiriirka reptilian ee shimbiraha iyo awoowayaashooda, theinodeurs theropod, waa dhinacyo muhiim u ah cilmi baarista paleornithological. Meelaha kale ee xiisaha u leh paleornithologists waa shimbiraha badda hore Ichthyornis , Hes Emperornis , iyo kuwa kale. Xirfadlayaasha paleornithologist-ka waa Storrs L. Olson, Alexander Wetmore, Alan Feduccia, Cécile Mourer-Chauviré, Philip Ashmole, Pierce Brodkorb, Trevor H. Worthy, Zhou Zhonghe, Yevgeny Kurochkin, Bradley C. Livezey, Gareth J. Dyke, Luis M. Chiappe , Gerald Mayr iyo David Steadman.
Beerta Avian/Worcester, Western Cape: Worcester waa magaalo ku taal Western Cape, South Africa. Waxay ku taalaa 120 kiiloomitir (75 mi) waqooyi-bari ee Cape Town wadada weyn ee N1 waqooyi ilaa Johannesburg.
Beerta Avian, _Wal_Cape/Worcester, Western Cape: Worcester waa magaalo ku taal Western Cape, South Africa. Waxay ku taalaa 120 kiiloomitir (75 mi) waqooyi-bari ee Cape Town wadada weyn ee N1 waqooyi ilaa Johannesburg.
Avian Reovirus/Avian orthoreovirus: Avian orthoreovirus , oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan avian reovirus , waa orthoreovirus ka yimid qoyska Reoviridae. Infekshanku wuxuu keenaa arthritis iyo tenosynovitis digaagga. Waxay kaloo keeni kartaa cudur neef -mareenka ah.
Avian Rio/Avian Rio: Avian Rio waa garab-sare oo Ingiriis ah, hal-meel ah, glider hang oo madadaalo leh, oo ay naqshadeeyeen Steve Elkins iyo Neil Hammerton waxaana soo saaray Avian Limited of Hope Valley, Derbyshire.
Avian Sarcoma_Leukosis_Virus/Virus sarcoma leukosis virus: Fayraska Avian sarcoma leukosis ( ASLV ) waa retrovirus endogenous oo waxyeela oo u horseedi kara kansarka digaagga; tijaabo ahaan waxay ku qaadsiin kartaa noocyada kale ee shimbiraha iyo naasleyda. ASLV waxay ku soo celisaa fibroblasts embriyaha digaaga, unugyada ka qayb qaata sameynta unugyo isku xiran. Noocyada kala duwan ee cudurka ayaa jira, oo ay ku jiraan lymphoblastic, erythroblastic, iyo osteopetrotic.
Avian Sarcoma_and_Leukosis_Viruses/Virus sarcoma leukosis virus: Fayraska Avian sarcoma leukosis ( ASLV ) waa retrovirus endogenous oo waxyeela oo u horseedi kara kansarka digaagga; tijaabo ahaan waxay ku qaadsiin kartaa noocyada kale ee shimbiraha iyo naasleyda. ASLV waxay ku soo celisaa fibroblasts embriyaha digaaga, unugyada ka qayb qaata sameynta unugyo isku xiran. Noocyada kala duwan ee cudurka ayaa jira, oo ay ku jiraan lymphoblastic, erythroblastic, iyo osteopetrotic.
Hurdada Avian/Hurdada Avian: Shimbiraha, hurdadu waxay ka kooban tahay "waqtiyo il-xiriddu ay kala go'do muddo gaaban oo indhuhu furmaan." Inta lagu jiro muddooyinka gaaban ee indhaha-furan, daraasadaha korantada (EEG) ayaa tilmaamaya in shimbiraha ay weli hurdaan; heerka danab ee maskaxdu waa isku mid. Shimbiruhu waxay soo celiyaan marinnadii kicitaankooda xilliga hurdada. Inta lagu jiro muddooyinka gaaban ee indhaha furan, shimbiraha hurda waxay abaabuli karaan ku dhawaad ​​isla marka uu u hanjabo bahal. Noocyada Avian ayaa la ogaaday inay ku tiirsan yihiin xajmiga adhiga iyo dhererka taxaddarrada bahalnimada ah. Inta u dhaxaysa furitaanka indhaha iyo hurdada kooxeed, taxaddarradani waxay u oggolaanaysaa hurdadu inay noqoto mid faa'iido leh oo badbaado leh.
Avian Tower/Avian Tower: Avian Tower waa dhisme dheer oo ku yaal Surabaya, Indonesia. Waxay u adeegtaa sidii xarunta Avian Brands
Avian Vacuolar_Myelinopathy/Avel vacuolar myelinopathy: Avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) waa cudur ku dhaca neerfaha oo dilaa ah kaas oo saameeya shimbiraha biyaha kala duwan iyo kuwa kufsiga. Waxay aad ugu badan tahay gorgorka bidaarta leh iyo kootada Ameerika, waxaana lagu yaqaanaa dilaaga, bufflehead, shooler-ka woqooyiga, xamaamka Ameerika, goose Canada, guumaysta geesaha weyn leh, mallard, iyo shinbiraha qoorta. Avian vacuolar myelinopathy waa cudur dhowaan la helay oo markii ugu horreysay lagu aqoonsaday beerta 1994 markii gorgoryo bidaar leh oo dhintay laga helay meel u dhow harada DeGray ee Arkansas ee Maraykanka. Tan iyo markaas, waxay ku fidday afar gobol oo kale waxayna ku dhufatay nidaamyo badan oo biyaha ah oo ay ku jiraan 10 kayd. Sababta geeridu waa nabarro ku dhaca maskaxda iyo laf -dhabarka. Neurotoxin la yiraahdo aetokthonotoxin oo ay soo saarto cyanobacteria ayaa sababa cudurka.
Avian adenovirus/Avian adenovirus: Aviadenoviruses waa adenoviruses saameeya shimbiraha - gaar ahaan digaagga, shinbiraha, berriga, turkiga iyo pheasants. Waxaa jira 15 nooc oo ku jira caynkan. Fayrasyada ku jira hiddo -wadahaani waxay keenaan cudurro cudurro gaar ah sida Quail Bronchitis (QB), Ukun Dillaaca Cilladda (EDS), Cudurka Dhiigga ee Dhiigga (HE), Pheasant Marble Spleen Disease (MSD), iyo Ku -darista Cagaarshowga jirka (IBH). Avian adenoviruses waxay leeyihiin qaybinta adduunka oo dhan waana wax caadi ah in laga helo noocyo badan hal beer. Serogroup -yada ugu badan waa serogroup 1, 2 iyo 3.
Avian adenovirus_EDS/Duck atadenovirus A: Duck atadenovirus A waa nooc ka mid ah dhiigbaxa adenovirus oo ku lug leh cudurka dhibicda ukunta.
Jir -dhiska Avian/Anatomy shimbir: Jidh -dhiska shimbiraha , ama qaab -dhismeedka jir ahaaneed ee jirka shimbiraha, ayaa muujinaya la -qabsiyo badan oo u gaar ah, badiyaa caawiya duulimaadka. Shimbiruhu waxay leeyihiin nidaam qalfoof khafiif ah iyo muruqyo fudud laakiin awood badan leh, oo ay weheliyaan hababka wareegga iyo neefsashada oo awood u leh dheef -shiid kiimikaad aad u sarreeya iyo sahayda oksijiinta, ayaa u oggolaanaysa shimbirta inay duusho. Horumarka afka ayaa horseeday isbeddel ku yimaada hab dheef -shiidka oo si gaar ah loo habeeyey.
Avian avulavirus_1/Cudurka halista ah ee Newcastle: Cudurka Newcastle ee Virulent ( VND ), oo hore u ahaa cudurka Newcastle ee qalaad , waa cudur fayras avian faafa oo saameeya noocyo badan oo shimbiraha gudaha iyo duurjoogta ah; waa mid dadka loo gudbiyo. In kasta oo ay ku dhici karto bini-aadamka, kiisaska badankoodu waa kuwo aan calaamado lahayn; marar dhif ah waxay u keeni kartaa xummad fudud iyo astaamo u eg hargab iyo/ama conjunctivitis dadka. Saameyntoodu waxay aad ugu badan tahay digaaga gudaha sababtoo ah u nuglaanshahooda sare iyo suuragalnimada inay saameyn xun ku yeelato epizootic warshadaha digaagga. Wuxuu ku habsaday dalal badan. Wax daaweyn ah oo VND ah lama yaqaan, laakiin adeegsiga tallaalada ka hortagga uurka iyo tallaabooyinka fayadhowrka ayaa yaraynaya suurtagalnimada dillaaca.
Avian avulavirus_2/Avian metaavulavirus 2: Avian metaavulavirus 2 , oo hore u ahaa Avian paramyxovirus 2 , waa nooc fayras ah oo ka tirsan qoyska Paramyxoviridae iyo hiddaha Metaavulavirus . Fayrasku waa fayras xun oo RNA ah oo ka kooban hidde -side monopartite. Avian metaavulavirus 2 waa mid ka mid ah sagaal nooc oo ka tirsan hiddaha Metaavulavirus . Serotype -ka ugu badan ee Avulavirinae waa serotype 1, sababta cudurka Newcastle (ND). Avian metaavulavirus 2 ayaa lagu yaqaanaa inuu sababo cudur, gaar ahaan caabuqyada neef -mareenka ee digaagga gudaha, oo ay ku jiraan turkiga iyo digaagga, wuxuuna saamayn dhaqaale oo badan ku leeyahay soo -saarka ukunta iyo warshadaha digaagga. Fayrasku wuxuu markii hore ka go'ay ciriiri ka dhacay Yucaipa, California sanadkii 1956. Tan iyo markaas, go'doominta kale ee fayraska ayaa lagu go'doomiyey adduunka oo dhan.
Hargabka Avian/hargabka Avian: Hargabka Avian , oo si aan rasmi ahayn loogu yaqaan ifilada avian ama ifilada shimbiraha , waa hargab kala duwan oo ay sababaan fayrasyo ​​ku habboon shimbiraha. Nooca ugu halista badan waa hargabka avian ( HPAI ). Ifilada shimbiruhu waxay la mid tahay ifilada doofaarka, ifilada eeyga, ifilada faraska iyo ifilada dadka oo ah cudur ay sababeen nuucyada fayraska hargabka oo la qabsaday marti -qaade gaar ah. Saddexda nooc ee fayraska infalawansada, fayraska infalawansada A waa caabuq zoonotic leh kayd dabiici ah oo gebi ahaanba ku jira shimbiraha. Hargabka Avian, ujeeddooyinka badankood, waxaa loola jeedaa fayraska hargabka A.
Avian bornavirus/Avian bornavirus: Sannadkii 2008, iyada oo pyrosequencing cDNA laga soo qaaday maskaxda dhowr baqbaqaaq oo la il daran cudurka fallaadha quudinta (PDD), Honkavuori et al. aqoonsaday jiritaanka bornavirus cusub.
Botulism -ka Avian/botulism -ka Avian: Avian Botulism waa nooc botulism ah oo saameeya dadka shimbiraha duurjoogta ah iyo maxaabiista, gaar ahaan haadka biyaha. Kani waa cudur curyaan ah oo uu keenay botulinum neurotoxin (BoNt) ee bakteeriyada Clostridium botulinum . C. botulinum wuxuu ku dhici karaa mid ka mid ah 7 nooc oo kala duwan kuwaas oo ah noocyada A ilaa G. Nooca C BoNt wuxuu inta badan la xiriiraa dhimashada shimbiraha. Nooca E nooca ayaa sidoo kale caadi ahaan lala xiriiriyaa dillaaca avian waxaana inta badan laga helaa noocyada kalluunka taas oo ah sababta inta badan dillaaca ay ugu dhacaan shimbiraha xiisaha leh.
Maskaxda Avian/pallium Avian: In neuroanatomy ee xayawaanka, pallium avian waa telencephalon dorsal ee maskaxda shimbir. Subpallium -ku waa telencephalon -ka ventral.
Chlamydiosis Avian/Chlamydia psittaci: Chlamydia psittaci waa noocyada bakteeriyada intracellular dilaaga ah oo sababi kara chlamydiosis avian, epizootic dillaaca naasaha, iyo psittacosis neefsashada dadka. Martigeliyeyaasha suurtagalka ah waxaa ka mid ah shimbiraha bahalka ah iyo digaagga la dhaqdo, iyo sidoo kale lo'da, doofaarka, idaha, iyo fardaha. C. psittaci waxaa lagu kala qaadaa neefsashada, taabashada, ama cunista shimbiraha iyo naasleyda. Psittacosis ee shimbiraha iyo bini-aadanka badiyaa waxay ku bilowdaa astaamo u eg hargab waxayna noqotaa oof-wareen halis ku ah nolosha. Noocyo badan ayaa weli ku sii jira shimbiraha ilaa ay ka hawlgasho walaaca. Shimbiruhu waa kuwo aad u fiican, aadna u dhaqaaqa mobilada si loogu qaybiyo caabuqa kalamiidiya, maxaa yeelay waxay quudiyaan, oo ay helaan, xooga xayawaanka qaba nooc kasta.
Daacuunka Avian/daacuunka shimbiraha: Daacuunka shimbiraha ayaa sidoo kale loo yaqaannaa daacuunka avian , pasteurellosis avian , septicaemia hemorrhagic avian .
Cabbirka Avian clutch_size/Cabbirka xajmiga Avian: Cabbirka xajmiga waxaa loola jeedaa tirada ukunta ay ku dhasheen hal ilmo oo shimbiro laba ah oo buul ah. Tirooyinka ay soo saareen nooc gaar ah meel cayiman ayaa sida caadiga ah si fiican loogu qeexay ka ganacsiga is-beddelka oo leh arrimo badan oo ku lug leh, oo ay ku jiraan helitaanka kheyraadka iyo caqabadaha tamarta leh. Dhowr qaab oo kala duwanaansho ayaa la xusay oo xiriirka ka dhexeeya loolka iyo xajmiga xajku wuxuu ahaa mawduuc xiiso u leh taranka avian iyo kobcinta. David Lack iyo RE Moreau ayaa ka mid ahaa kuwii ugu horreeyey ee baaray saamaynta loolka ku leedahay tirada ukunta buulkiiba. Laga soo bilaabo warqaddii ugu horreysay ee Lack bartamihii 1940-meeyadii waxaa jiray cilmi-baaris ballaaran oo ku saabsan qaabka kordhinta xajmiga xajmiga oo leh loolka sii kordhaya. Sababaha ugu dhow iyo kuwa ugu dambeeya ee qaabkani waxay ahaayeen mawduuc dood aad u weyn oo ku lug leh horumarinta fikradaha ku saabsan koox, shaqsi, iyo aragtida hidde-ku-saleysan ee xulashada.
Kombiyuutarka Avian/Magnetoreception: Magnetoreception waa dareen u saamaxaya noolaha inuu ogaado aag magnet si uu u arko jihada, joogga ama meesha. Qaabkan dareenka ah waxaa adeegsada xayawaanno kala duwan si ay u jiheeyaan oo u maraan, iyo hab ay xayawaanku ku hormariyaan khariidadaha gobolka. In navigation, magnetoreception waxay ka hadlaysaa ogaanshaha dhulka magnetka dhulka.
Avian coronavirus/Avian coronavirus: Avian coronavirus waa nooc fayras ah oo ka soo jeeda hiddo -wadaha Gammacoronavirus oo ku dhaca shimbiraha; laga soo bilaabo 2018, dhammaan gammacoronaviruses -ka ku dhaca shimbiraha ayaa lagu tilmaamay inay yihiin hal nooc. Cadaadiska coronavirus -ka avian oo hore loogu yiqiin fayraska boronkiitada faafa (IBV) waa coronavirus -ka kaliya ee ku dhaca digaagga. Wuxuu keenaa boronkiitada faafa avian, cudur aad u faafa oo saameeya mareenka neef -mareenka, xiidmaha, kelyaha iyo habka taranka. IBV wuxuu saameeyaa waxqabadka digaagga soo saara hilibka iyo ukunta wuxuuna mas'uul ka yahay khasaare dhaqaale oo baaxad leh oo ka dhex jira warshadaha digaagga. Cadaadiska coronavirus -ka avian -ka oo hore loogu tilmaamay inuu yahay coronavirus -ka Turkiga ayaa sababa cudurka caloosha iyo mindhicirka ee turkiga.
Avian coronavirus_9203/Avian coronavirus 9203: Avian coronavirus 9203 waa nooc ka mid ah coronavirus -ka Gammacoronavirus .
Dinosaurka Avian/Shimbir: Shimbiruhu waa koox laf-dhabar-diirran leh oo ka kooban fasalka Aves , oo lagu garto baalal, daamanka ilkaha oo aan ilkaha lahayn, dhigista ukun adag oo adag, dheef-shiid kiimikaad sarreeya, wadne afar qol ah, iyo qalfoof xoog leh oo haddana khafiif ah. Shimbiruhu waxay ku nool yihiin adduunka oo dhan waxayna cabbir ahaan u dhexeeyaan 5.5 cm (2.2 in) hummingbird shinni ilaa 2.8 m gorayada. Waxaa jira ku dhawaad ​​toban kun oo nooc oo nool, in ka badan kala badhna waa passerine, ama "haro" shimbiro. Shimbiruhu waxay leeyihiin baalal oo horumarkoodu ku kala duwan yahay noocyada; kooxaha kaliya ee la yaqaan ee aan baalasha lahayn waa moa dabar go'ay iyo shimbiraha maroodiga. Baalasha, oo ka soo baxay foodda hore, waxay shimbiraha siisay awood ay ku duusho, in kasta oo horumar dheeri ah uu horseeday lumitaanka duulimaadka shimbiraha qaarkood, oo ay ku jiraan jiir, penguins, iyo noocyada kala duwan ee jasiiradaha dabadhilifka ah. Hababka dheefshiidka iyo neefsashada shimbiraha ayaa iyagana si gaar ah loogu habeeyey duulimaadka. Qaar ka mid ah noocyada shimbiraha ee deegaannada biyaha, gaar ahaan shimbiraha badda iyo qaar ka mid ah shimbiraha biyaha, ayaa u sii xuubsiibtay dabaasha.
Ecology_field_methods/Hababka beerta ecology ee Avian: Waxaa jira habab badan oo goob -joog ah oo loo heli karo samaynta cilmi -baarista bey'ada avian . Waxay u qaybsami karaan saddex nooc: tirinta, kormeerka buulka, iyo qabashada iyo calaamadeynta.
Fayraska Avian encephalitis_virus_cis-act_replication_element/Fayraska Avian encephalitis fayraska cis-ku-simaha: Bayoolojiga molecular-ka, fayraska Avian encephalitis cis-ku-simaha wax-qabadka (CRE) waa cunsur RNA ah oo laga helo gobolka sireedka ee RNA polymerase-ku-tiirsan RNA ee fayraska Avian encephalitis (AEV). Waxay qaab ahaan la mid tahay fayraska Cagaarshowga A ee ku-simaha ku-tallaalidda cis.
Avian encephalomyelitis_virus/Tremovirus: Tremovirus , oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan gariirka faafa , waa hidde fayras oo ka tirsan qoyska Picornaviridae . Hiddaha wuxuu leeyahay laba nooc, Tremovirus A , oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan fayraska Avian encephalomyelitis , iyo Tremovirus B. Picornavirus -kii avian -kii ugu horreeyay ee hidde -sidaha isku xigxiga, wuxuu ku keenaa gariir dillaaca digaagga.
Horumarinta Avian/Evolution of shimbiraha: Isbeddelka shimbiraha wuxuu bilaabmay xilligii Jurassic, iyadoo shimbiraha ugu horreeya laga soo saaray xayndaab dinosaurs ah oo loo yaqaan Paraves. Shimbiraha waxaa loo kala saaraa fasalka noolaha, Aves . In ka badan qarni, dinosaurka theopod -ka yar ee Archeopteryx lithographica laga soo bilaabo xilligii Lura Jurassic waxaa loo tixgeliyey inuu ahaa shimbirtii ugu horraysay. Phylogenies -ka casriga ahi waxay shimbiraha dhigaayaan Theropoda oo ah xayndaabka dinosaurka. Marka loo eego is afgaradka hadda jira, Aves iyo koox walaasheed ah, amarka Crocodilia, oo wada jira ayaa ah xubnaha kaliya ee nool ee xarafka "xamaarato" aan la garanayn, Archosauria. Afar jinsi oo kala duwan ayaa ka badbaaday dhacdadii baabi'inta Cretaceous-Paleogene 66 milyan oo sano ka hor, taasoo dhalisay gorayadii iyo qaraabadii (Paleognathae), shinbiraha iyo qaraabada (Anseriformes), haadka dhulka ku nool (Galliformes), iyo "shimbiraha casriga ah" (Neoaves) .
Duulimaadka Avian/duulimaadka shimbirta: Duulimaadka shimbiruhu waa habka ugu horreeya ee guurguura ee ay isticmaalaan noocyada shimbiraha intooda badan oo ay shimbiruhu ka duulaan kuna duulaan. Duulimaadku wuxuu ka caawiyaa shimbiraha quudinta, taranta, ka fogaanshaha ugaadhsiga, iyo guuritaanka.
Hargabka Avian/hargabka Avian: Hargabka Avian , oo si aan rasmi ahayn loogu yaqaan ifilada avian ama ifilada shimbiraha , waa hargab kala duwan oo ay sababaan fayrasyo ​​ku habboon shimbiraha. Nooca ugu halista badan waa hargabka avian ( HPAI ). Ifilada shimbiruhu waxay la mid tahay ifilada doofaarka, ifilada eeyga, ifilada faraska iyo ifilada dadka oo ah cudur ay sababeen nuucyada fayraska hargabka oo la qabsaday marti -qaade gaar ah. Saddexda nooc ee fayraska infalawansada, fayraska infalawansada A waa caabuq zoonotic leh kayd dabiici ah oo gebi ahaanba ku jira shimbiraha. Hargabka Avian, ujeeddooyinka badankood, waxaa loola jeedaa fayraska hargabka A.
Avian flu_in_humans/Gudbinta iyo caabuqa H5N1: Gudbinta iyo infekshanka H5N1 ee laga helay ilaha avian ee cudurka qaba ayaa aad uga welwelsan tan iyo markii ugu horreysay ee la diiwaangeliyey infakshanka aadanaha ee 1997, sababtuna tahay faafitaanka caalamiga ah ee H5N1 oo ka dhigan halis masiibo.
Hargabka Avian/hargabka Avian: Hargabka Avian , oo si aan rasmi ahayn loogu yaqaan ifilada avian ama ifilada shimbiraha , waa hargab kala duwan oo ay sababaan fayrasyo ​​ku habboon shimbiraha. Nooca ugu halista badan waa hargabka avian ( HPAI ). Ifilada shimbiruhu waxay la mid tahay ifilada doofaarka, ifilada eeyga, ifilada faraska iyo ifilada dadka oo ah cudur ay sababeen nuucyada fayraska hargabka oo la qabsaday marti -qaade gaar ah. Saddexda nooc ee fayraska infalawansada, fayraska infalawansada A waa caabuq zoonotic leh kayd dabiici ah oo gebi ahaanba ku jira shimbiraha. Hargabka Avian, ujeeddooyinka badankood, waxaa loola jeedaa fayraska hargabka A.
Hargabka Avian/infalawansada: Hargabka Avian , oo si aan rasmi ahayn loogu yaqaan ifilada avian ama ifilada shimbiraha , waa hargab kala duwan oo ay sababaan fayrasyo ​​ku habboon shimbiraha. Nooca ugu halista badan waa hargabka avian ( HPAI ). Ifilada shimbiruhu waxay la mid tahay ifilada doofaarka, ifilada eeyga, ifilada faraska iyo ifilada dadka oo ah cudur ay sababeen nuucyada fayraska hargabka oo la qabsaday marti -qaade gaar ah. Saddexda nooc ee fayraska infalawansada, fayraska infalawansada A waa caabuq zoonotic leh kayd dabiici ah oo gebi ahaanba ku jira shimbiraha. Hargabka Avian, ujeeddooyinka badankood, waxaa loola jeedaa fayraska hargabka A.
Avian flu_outbreak_of_2009/Faafidda guud ee H5N1: Faafidda caalamiga ah ee hargabka H5N1 ee shimbiraha ayaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay halis weyn oo faafa. In kasta oo la ogyahay noocyada kale ee hargabka H5N1, waxay aad ugu kala duwan yihiin heerka hidde-wadaha oo ka yimid dhawaanahan, cudur aad u daran, oo soo ifbaxay H5N1, kaas oo awooday inuu gaaro illaa hadda faafitaan caalami ah oo aan hore loo arag 2008. Nooca H5N1 waa mid si dhakhso leh isu beddela, aad u sarreeya fayraska hargabka avian (HPAI) oo laga helo noocyo shimbiro badan. Waa epizootic iyo panzootic labadaba. Haddii aan si kale loo tilmaamin, "H5N1" ee jadwalkaan waxaa loola jeedaa cillad aad u daran oo H5N1 ah.
Avian flu_pandemic/hargabka faafa: Faafida hargabku waa cudur faafa fayraska hargabka oo ku faafa gobol weyn oo saameeya qayb weyn oo dadka ka mid ah. Waxaa jiray shan 140 -kii sano ee la soo dhaafay, iyadoo hargabka faafa ee 1918 uu ahaa kii ugu darnaa; masiibadan ayaa lagu qiyaasay inay mas'uul ka ahayd dhimashada 50-100 milyan oo qof. Midkii ugu dambeeyay, ifilada doofaarka ee 2009, waxay dhalisay in ka yar 300,000 oo dhimasho waxaana loo arkaa mid fudud. Aafooyinkaan waxay u dhacaan si aan joogto ahayn.
Hargabka Avian/hargabka Avian: Hargabka Avian , oo si aan rasmi ahayn loogu yaqaan ifilada avian ama ifilada shimbiraha , waa hargab kala duwan oo ay sababaan fayrasyo ​​ku habboon shimbiraha. Nooca ugu halista badan waa hargabka avian ( HPAI ). Ifilada shimbiruhu waxay la mid tahay ifilada doofaarka, ifilada eeyga, ifilada faraska iyo ifilada dadka oo ah cudur ay sababeen nuucyada fayraska hargabka oo la qabsaday marti -qaade gaar ah. Saddexda nooc ee fayraska infalawansada, fayraska infalawansada A waa caabuq zoonotic leh kayd dabiici ah oo gebi ahaanba ku jira shimbiraha. Hargabka Avian, ujeeddooyinka badankood, waxaa loola jeedaa fayraska hargabka A.
Cunista cunnada Avian/quudinta Avian: Cunno -quudinta Avian waxaa loola jeedaa dhaqdhaqaaqyada iyo dabeecadaha kala duwan ee ay shimbirahu muujiyeen markay raadinayeen cunto. Marka lagu daro la -qabsiga jidhkooda gaarka ah, shimbiraha waxay leeyihiin dabeecado la tilmaamay oo kala duwan oo ka duwan dabeecadaha quudinta ee kooxaha xayawaanka kale. Marka loo eego hoyga quudinta, shimbiraha waxaa laga yaabaa in loo qaybiyo guilds foraging. Ugaarsiga waxaa ka mid ah hawlo kala duwan, laga bilaabo raadinta cuntada, isticmaalka awoodda dareenka, oo laga yaabo inay ku lug yeeshaan hal ama in ka badan shimbiraha midkood ama xitaa noocyo badan. Tan waxaa ku xiga dhaqdhaqaaq iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyo lagu doonayo in lagu helo ama lagu qabsado cuntada, waxaa ku xigta ka shaqaynta ama maaraynta cuntooyinka ka hor cunista. Sida noolaha oo dhan ee quudinta ah waxay ku lug leedahay isu -dheellitirka tamarta la qaatay iyo tamarta la helay. Heerka dheef -shiid kiimikaadka ee shimbiraha, oo ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya kooxaha isku -dhafan, ayaa ku qasba inay hubiyaan faa'ido saafiga ah ee tamarta waxayna horseedeen khubarada cilmiga ethologists -ka inay horumariyaan fikradda quudinta ugu wanaagsan.
Avian gastric_yeast/Macrorhabdus ornithogaster: Macrorhabdus ornithogaster , oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan magaca caadiga ah khamiirka caloosha avian , waa fangas faafa oo badanaa laga helo hababka dheefshiidka ee shimbiraha, taasoo keenta dhibaatooyin caafimaad oo dhowr ah. Markii hore la rumeysan yahay inay tahay bakteeriya, waxaa la go'aamiyay inay noqoto khamiir.
Avian hemorrhagic_septicemia/daacuunka shimbiraha: Daacuunka shimbiraha ayaa sidoo kale loo yaqaannaa daacuunka avian , pasteurellosis avian , septicaemia hemorrhagic avian .
Avian hepatitis_B_virus/Avihepadnavirus: Avihepadnavirus waa nooc ka mid ah fayrasyada, ee qoyska Hepadnaviridae . Shimbiraha ayaa u adeega martigaliyayaal dabiici ah. Waxaa jira saddex nooc oo ku jira hiddadan. Cudurrada la xiriira hiddo -wadahaas waxaa ka mid ah: cagaarshow, kansarka hepatocellular, iyo cirrhosis.
Avian herpes/cudurka Marek: Cudurka Marek waa cudur fayras neoplastic fayras oo aad u faafa ee digaagga. Waxaa loogu magac daray József Marek, oo ah dhakhtar reer Hungari ah oo ku tilmaamay 1907. Cudurka Marek waxaa sababa fayrus alfaherpesvirus oo loo yaqaan "fayraska cudurka Marek" (MDV) ama Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2). Cudurka waxaa lagu gartaa joogitaanka lymphoma -ka T -da iyo sidoo kale soo -gelinta dareemayaasha iyo xubnaha lymphocytes. Fayrasyada la xiriira MDV waxay u muuqdaan kuwo aan fiicnayn waxaana loo isticmaali karaa noocyada tallaalka si looga hortago cudurka Marek. Tusaale ahaan, herpesvirus -ka la xiriira ee laga helo turkiga (HVT), ma keeno cudur muuqda oo ku dhaca shimbiraha, wuxuuna sii wadaa in loo isticmaalo cadaadis tallaal si looga hortago cudurka Marek.
Avian herpesvirus_1/Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1: Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) waa nooc fayras ah sida ay u kala horeeyaan Herpesvirales , qoyska Herpesviridae , qoyska hoose Alphaherpesvirinae , iyo hiddaha Iltovirus . Asal ahaan lagu aqoonsaday digaagga Maraykanka sannadkii 1926 -kii, fayraskani wuxuu keenaa avian laryngotracheitis infekshan , cudur laga yaabo inuu dilaa, dhaqaale ahaan baaba'a, oo si weyn loogu aqoonsan yahay inuu ka mid yahay cudurrada ugu faafa ee warshadaha digaagga. Fayruska iyo cudurka la xiriira ayaa sidoo kale ku dhaca pheasants.
Avian humanoid/Liiska humanoids -ka avian: Humanoids -ka Avian waa hal -ku -dhig guud oo ku jira hidaha iyo sheekooyinka caanka ah, oo inta badan laga helo Giriigga, Roomaanka, Manipuri, Hindu, quraafaadka Faaris, iwm.
Avian immune_system/Nidaamka difaaca Avian: Habka difaaca avian waa nidaamka dhismayaasha noolaha iyo hababka gacanta oo shimbiraha ka ilaaliya cudurka.
Kordhinta Avian/Ukunta ukunta Ku-dhalaaliddu waa geedi-socodka ay qaar ka mid ah xayawaanka oviparous (ukun-saarista) ay dillaacaan ugxantooda; waxa kale oo loola jeedaa kobcinta uurjiifka ukunta gudaheeda iyada oo lagu jiro xaalad deegaan oo wanaagsan. Arrimo badan oo kala duwan ayaa muhiim u ah ku -noolaanshaha noocyada kala duwan ee xayawaanka. Noocyo badan oo xamaarato ah tusaale ahaan, heerkul go'an lagama maarmaan ma aha, laakiin heerkulka dhabta ah ayaa go'aamiya saamiga jinsiga ee farcan. Shimbiraha marka la barbardhigo, jinsiga dhasha ayaa hidde ahaan loo go'aamiyaa, laakiin noocyo badan heerkul joogto ah oo gaar ah ayaa lagama maarmaan u ah ku -guuleysiga ku -meelgaarka ah. Gaar ahaan digaagga, ficilka ah in lagu dul fadhiisto ukunta si loogu beero waxaa loo yaqaan dhalanrog. Ficilka ama dabeecadda dabeecadda ah in lagu fadhiisto xajinta ukunta ayaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan dhalan-rogga, inta badan noocyada ukun-dhigista ee digaagga ayaa dabeecaddan si xushmad leh looga soo saaray si kor loogu qaado wax-soo-saarka.
Avian infection_bronchitis/Boronkiitada faafa ee Avian: Boronkiitada faafa ee Avian ( IB ) waa cudur neef -mareenka ku dhaca oo aad u faafa. Cudurka waxaa sababa fayraska boronkiitada faafa ee avian (IBV), coronavirus, waxaana lagu gartaa astaamaha neefsashada oo ay ku jiraan neefta, qufaca, hindhisada, raleellada dhuunta, iyo dareeraha sanka. Digaagga dhallinta yar, waxaa laga yaabaa in cillad xagga neefsashada oo daran ah. Lakabyada, cidhiidhiga neefsashada, nephritis, hoos u dhaca soo -saarka ukunta, iyo luminta tayada ukunta gudaha iyo dibaddaba ayaa la soo sheegay.
Avian infekshanka_bronchitis_virus/Avian coronavirus: Avian coronavirus waa nooc fayras ah oo ka soo jeeda hiddo -wadaha Gammacoronavirus oo ku dhaca shimbiraha; laga soo bilaabo 2018, dhammaan gammacoronaviruses -ka ku dhaca shimbiraha ayaa lagu tilmaamay inay yihiin hal nooc. Cadaadiska coronavirus -ka avian oo hore loogu yiqiin fayraska boronkiitada faafa (IBV) waa coronavirus -ka kaliya ee ku dhaca digaagga. Wuxuu keenaa boronkiitada faafa avian, cudur aad u faafa oo saameeya mareenka neef -mareenka, xiidmaha, kelyaha iyo habka taranka. IBV wuxuu saameeyaa waxqabadka digaagga soo saara hilibka iyo ukunta wuxuuna mas'uul ka yahay khasaare dhaqaale oo baaxad leh oo ka dhex jira warshadaha digaagga. Cadaadiska coronavirus -ka avian -ka oo hore loogu tilmaamay inuu yahay coronavirus -ka Turkiga ayaa sababa cudurka caloosha iyo mindhicirka ee turkiga.
Avian infection_laryngotracheitis/Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1: Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) waa nooc fayras ah sida ay u kala horeeyaan Herpesvirales , qoyska Herpesviridae , qoyska hoose Alphaherpesvirinae , iyo hiddaha Iltovirus . Asal ahaan lagu aqoonsaday digaagga Maraykanka sannadkii 1926 -kii, fayraskani wuxuu keenaa avian laryngotracheitis infekshan , cudur laga yaabo inuu dilaa, dhaqaale ahaan baaba'a, oo si weyn loogu aqoonsan yahay inuu ka mid yahay cudurrada ugu faafa ee warshadaha digaagga. Fayruska iyo cudurka la xiriira ayaa sidoo kale ku dhaca pheasants.
Avian infekshanka_laryngotracheitis_virus/Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1: Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) waa nooc fayras ah sida ay u kala horeeyaan Herpesvirales , qoyska Herpesviridae , qoyska hoose Alphaherpesvirinae , iyo hiddaha Iltovirus . Asal ahaan lagu aqoonsaday digaagga Maraykanka sannadkii 1926 -kii, fayraskani wuxuu keenaa avian laryngotracheitis infekshan , cudur laga yaabo inuu dilaa, dhaqaale ahaan baaba'a, oo si weyn loogu aqoonsan yahay inuu ka mid yahay cudurrada ugu faafa ee warshadaha digaagga. Fayruska iyo cudurka la xiriira ayaa sidoo kale ku dhaca pheasants.
Hargabka Avian/Hargabka Avian: Hargabka Avian , oo si aan rasmi ahayn loogu yaqaan ifilada avian ama ifilada shimbiraha , waa hargab kala duwan oo ay sababaan fayrasyo ​​ku habboon shimbiraha. Nooca ugu halista badan waa hargabka avian ( HPAI ). Ifilada shimbiruhu waxay la mid tahay ifilada doofaarka, ifilada eeyga, ifilada faraska iyo ifilada dadka oo ah cudur ay sababeen nuucyada fayraska hargabka oo la qabsaday marti -qaade gaar ah. Saddexda nooc ee fayraska infalawansada, fayraska infalawansada A waa caabuq zoonotic leh kayd dabiici ah oo gebi ahaanba ku jira shimbiraha. Hargabka Avian, ujeeddooyinka badankood, waxaa loola jeedaa fayraska hargabka A.
Hargabka Avian_A_ (H5N8)/Hargabka A nooc hoosaadka fayraska H5N8: H5N8 waa nooc ka mid ah fayraska infalawansada A wuxuuna aad ugu dilaa shimbiraha duurjoogta ah iyo digaagga. H5N8 caadi ahaan lama xiriiri karo aadanaha; si kastaba ha ahaatee, toddoba qof oo ku nool Ruushka ayaa la ogaaday inay cudurka qabaan 2021 -ka.
Hargabka Avian_in_cats/Hargabka Avian ee bisadaha: Bisadaha qaba Hargabka Avian ayaa muujinaya astaamo keeni kara dhimasho. Waxay ka mid yihiin noocyada yar ee qaadi kara Hargabka Avian. Fayraska gaarka ah ee ay qaadaan waa H5N1, oo ah nooc ka mid ah Hargabka Avian. Si loo helo fayraska, bisaduhu waxay u baahan yihiin inay la xiriiraan shimbiraha biyaha, digaagga, ama digaagga aan la karin ee cudurka qaba. Laba ka mid ah xubnaha ugu waaweyn ee fayrasku saameeyo waa sambabada iyo beerka.
Hargabka Avian_subtype_H5N1/Hargabka A nooc hoosaadka fayraska H5N1: Hargabka A nooc hoosaadkiisa H5N1 (A/H5N1) waa nooc ka mid ah fayraska infalawansada A kaas oo u keeni kara jirro dadka iyo noocyada kale ee xayawaanka. Cudurka shimbir-ku-habboon ee H5N1, oo loo yaqaan HPAI A (H5N1) ee fayraska hargabka avian-ka ee aadka u faafa ee nooca A ee nooc-hoosaad H5N1 , ayaa ah wakiilka ugu badan ee sababa hargabka H5N1, oo badanaa loo yaqaan hargabka avian. Waxay ku nooshahay dad badan oo shimbiro ah, gaar ahaan Koonfur Bari Aasiya. Hal nooc oo ah HPAI A (H5N1) ayaa ku fidaya adduunka kadib markii ugu horraysay ee uu ka soo muuqday Aasiya. Waa epizootic iyo panzootic, oo dishay tobanaan milyan oo shimbiro ah kuna kicisay jugta boqolaal milyan oo kale si loo joojiyo faafitaankiisa. Tixraacyo badan oo ku saabsan "ifilada shimbiraha" iyo H5N1 ee warbaahinta caanka ah ayaa tixraacaya cilladaan.
Hargabka Avian/fayraska Avian: Hargabka Avian , oo si aan rasmi ahayn loogu yaqaan ifilada avian ama ifilada shimbiraha , waa hargab kala duwan oo ay sababaan fayrasyo ​​ku habboon shimbiraha. Nooca ugu halista badan waa hargabka avian ( HPAI ). Ifilada shimbiruhu waxay la mid tahay ifilada doofaarka, ifilada eeyga, ifilada faraska iyo ifilada dadka oo ah cudur ay sababeen nuucyada fayraska hargabka oo la qabsaday marti -qaade gaar ah. Saddexda nooc ee fayraska infalawansada, fayraska infalawansada A waa caabuq zoonotic leh kayd dabiici ah oo gebi ahaanba ku jira shimbiraha. Hargabka Avian, ujeeddooyinka badankood, waxaa loola jeedaa fayraska hargabka A.
Sirdoonka Avian/sirdoonka shimbirta: Dhibaatada ay leedahay in la qeexo ama la qiyaaso garaadka xayawaanka aan bani-aadamka ahayn ayaa mawduuca ku adkaata in si cilmiyeysan loo barro shimbiraha. Guud ahaan, shimbiruhu waxay leeyihiin maskax aad u weyn marka loo eego baaxadda madaxa. Dareenka aragga iyo maqalka ayaa si fiican u horumarsan noocyada badankood, in kasta oo dareenka taabashada iyo urta si fiican loo garto kaliya dhowr kooxood. Shimbiraha ayaa isgaadhsiiya iyagoo adeegsanaya calaamado muuqaal ah iyo sidoo kale adeegsiga wicitaanada iyo heesaha. Tijaabinta sirdoonka shimbiraha ayaa had iyo jeer ku saleysan barashada jawaabaha kicinta dareenka.
Avian keratin_disorder/Xanuunka keratin Avian: Avian keratin disorder ( AKD ) waa cudur ka soo ifbaxa shimbiraha duurjoogta ah ee Waqooyiga Ameerika oo lagu garto kororka iyo cilladaha ilkaha. Kiisaska waxaa markii ugu horraysay lagu arkay digaagga madow ee ku duugan Alaska dabayaaqadii 1990-meeyadii, waxayna si degdeg ah ugu fidday tan iyo markaas. Sababta AKD lama garanayo, laakiin waxay noqon kartaa Poecivirus , oo ah nooc cusub oo fayras ah oo ka dhex dhici kara qoyska Picornaviridae .
Laryngotracheitis Avian/Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1: Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) waa nooc fayras ah sida ay u kala horeeyaan Herpesvirales , qoyska Herpesviridae , qoyska hoose Alphaherpesvirinae , iyo hiddaha Iltovirus . Asal ahaan lagu aqoonsaday digaagga Maraykanka sannadkii 1926 -kii, fayraskani wuxuu keenaa avian laryngotracheitis infekshan , cudur laga yaabo inuu dilaa, dhaqaale ahaan baaba'a, oo si weyn loogu aqoonsan yahay inuu ka mid yahay cudurrada ugu faafa ee warshadaha digaagga. Fayruska iyo cudurka la xiriira ayaa sidoo kale ku dhaca pheasants.
Sunta rasaasta Avian/sunta rasaasta xoolaha: Ku sumowga rasaasta xayawaanku waa xaalad xoolaad iyo cudur -sidaha oo ay sababto heerarka korodhka macdanta birta culus ee jidhka xayawaanka.
Avian leucosis/Avian sarcoma leukosis virus: Fayraska Avian sarcoma leukosis ( ASLV ) waa retrovirus endogenous oo waxyeela oo u horseedi kara kansarka digaagga; tijaabo ahaan waxay ku qaadsiin kartaa noocyada kale ee shimbiraha iyo naasleyda. ASLV waxay ku soo celisaa fibroblasts embriyaha digaaga, unugyada ka qayb qaata sameynta unugyo isku xiran. Noocyada kala duwan ee cudurka ayaa jira, oo ay ku jiraan lymphoblastic, erythroblastic, iyo osteopetrotic.
Avian leucosis_virus/Fayraska Avian sarcoma leukosis: Fayraska Avian sarcoma leukosis ( ASLV ) waa retrovirus endogenous oo waxyeela oo u horseedi kara kansarka digaagga; tijaabo ahaan waxay ku qaadsiin kartaa noocyada kale ee shimbiraha iyo naasleyda. ASLV waxay ku soo celisaa fibroblasts embriyaha digaaga, unugyada ka qayb qaata sameynta unugyo isku xiran. Noocyada kala duwan ee cudurka ayaa jira, oo ay ku jiraan lymphoblastic, erythroblastic, iyo osteopetrotic.
Avian leukosis/Virus sarcoma leukosis virus: Fayraska Avian sarcoma leukosis ( ASLV ) waa retrovirus endogenous oo waxyeela oo u horseedi kara kansarka digaagga; tijaabo ahaan waxay ku qaadsiin kartaa noocyada kale ee shimbiraha iyo naasleyda. ASLV waxay ku soo celisaa fibroblasts embriyaha digaaga, unugyada ka qayb qaata sameynta unugyo isku xiran. Noocyada kala duwan ee cudurka ayaa jira, oo ay ku jiraan lymphoblastic, erythroblastic, iyo osteopetrotic.
Avian leukosis_virus/Fayraska Avian sarcoma leukosis: Fayraska Avian sarcoma leukosis ( ASLV ) waa retrovirus endogenous oo waxyeela oo u horseedi kara kansarka digaagga; tijaabo ahaan waxay ku qaadsiin kartaa noocyada kale ee shimbiraha iyo naasleyda. ASLV waxay ku soo celisaa fibroblasts embriyaha digaaga, unugyada ka qayb qaata sameynta unugyo isku xiran. Noocyada kala duwan ee cudurka ayaa jira, oo ay ku jiraan lymphoblastic, erythroblastic, iyo osteopetrotic.
Sambabka Avian/Sambabka: Sambabadu waa xubnaha asaasiga ah ee habdhiska neefsashada ee dadka iyo xayawaanka kale oo ay ku jiraan inta badan tetrapods, xoogaa kalluun ah, iyo snails qaar. Naasleyda iyo inta badan laf -dhabarta kale, laba sambab ayaa ku yaal meel u dhow laf -dhabarka labada dhinac ee wadnaha. Shaqadooda habdhiska neefsashada ayaa ah inay ka soo saaraan ogsijiinta jawiga kuna wareejiyaan dhiiga, iyo inay sii daayaan kaarboon laba ogsaydh ka soo baxa dhiigga oo galaan jawiga, iyagoo ku jira hab is -dhaafsi gaas. Neefsashada waxaa kaxeeya hababka muruqyada ee noocyada kala duwan leh. Naasleyda, xamaaratada iyo shimbiraha ayaa adeegsada muruqyadooda kala duwan si ay u taageeraan una kobciyaan neefsashada. Tetrapods -kii hore, hawadu waxay sambabada u kaxaysay muruqyada pharyngeal iyada oo loo marayo bamgareynta buccal, farsamo wali lagu arko amphibians. Bini'aadamka, muruqa ugu weyn ee neefsashada oo wadata neefsashadu waa diaphragm -ka. Sambabadu sidoo kale waxay bixiyaan qulqulka hawada oo sameeya dhawaaqyada codka oo ay ku jiraan hadalka aadanaha.